{"id":1573,"date":"2019-10-12T01:25:47","date_gmt":"2019-10-12T06:25:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/instrumentacionycontrol.net\/?p=1573"},"modified":"2020-06-18T15:15:30","modified_gmt":"2020-06-18T20:15:30","slug":"chapter-3-7-draft-control-in-a-boiler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrumentacionycontrol.net\/en\/cap-3-7-control-del-tiro-en-una-caldera\/","title":{"rendered":"3.7 Draft control in a boiler"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Aim<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The purpose of this loop is to maintain the pressure in the combustion chamber within a narrow band around the set point to ensure satisfactory combustion as well as safe operation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Philosophy of control<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In boilers with forced and induced draft fans, a balanced draft must be maintained so that the pressure in the combustion chamber remains around 0. This is achieved by adjusting the control element in the induced draft fan to increase or decrease the suction. The simplest control method is shown in Figure 3-71, where the combustion chamber pressure is used as the process variable, with the setpoint being the desired pressure value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This type of control is usually inadequate in most cases. The combustion airflow is managed by the greater or lesser contribution of the forced-draft fan. Every time the airflow changes, a change in the combustion chamber pressure occurs. Furthermore, combustion chamber pressure is a variable subject to a significant amount of process noise, which in principle should be adjusted with low gain and integral to minimize the effect of this noise. This creates further problems in the response to load changes, as these entail modifications in the airflow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"190\" height=\"489\" src=\"http:\/\/instrumentacionycontrol.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Figura-3-71.-Control-de-tiro.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1577\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Figure 3-71. Shot Control<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To solve this last problem, a regulator with variable gain is usually used, so that the gain is small when the error remains within certain limits and increases substantially when the error exceeds them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Additionally, to solve for the correct response to changes in airflow, the demand on the control element is used as an index of the position of the induced draft fan and corrected for the pressure error (Figure 3-72).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"216\" height=\"482\" src=\"http:\/\/instrumentacionycontrol.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Figura-3-72.-Control-de-tiro-con-ganancia-variable-y-feedforward.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1578\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Figure 3-72. Shot control with variable gain and feedforward<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This design allows the controller to be considerably slow without reducing the effectiveness of the loop and reducing the effect of noise, which generates greater stability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since both fans work in parallel, the interaction between them is significantly reduced.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As we have seen in other sections, if there are two induced draft fans, the control output must be split according to the weight of each fan. Furthermore, the loop must be prepared for situations where one of the fans fails in terms of gain (Figure 3-73).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"284\" height=\"429\" src=\"http:\/\/instrumentacionycontrol.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Figura-3-73.-Compensacion-automatica-del-No-de-ventiladores.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1581\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Figure 3-73. Automatic compensation of the number of fans<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although the behavior of this design may be sufficient to maintain the home pressure at the desired value, since malfunction of this loop can lead to serious safety risks to the integrity of the boiler and people, the NFPA standard for boilers with more than one burner requires an even more complex design (Figure 3-74).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to this standard, the system must include the following features and functions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2013 Three pressure transmitters to minimize the possibility of working with an erroneous pressure measurement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2013 An anticipatory signal representing the air demand. This signal could be the air demand, flow rate, or boiler load, but in no case the air flow rate (since this would create interaction and positive feedback problems).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2013 A corrective action that minimizes pressure excursions after auto\/manual station.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2013 An anticipatory action in the event of a boiler trip that minimizes pressure excursions after the auto\/manual station.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2013 When axial fans are used, they must be operated in such a way as to avoid stall conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"384\" height=\"517\" src=\"http:\/\/instrumentacionycontrol.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Figura-3-74.-Requisitos-de-la-NFPA-8502.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1583\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Figure 3-74. NFPA 8502 Requirements<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One possible design incorporating these needs is shown in Figure 3-75. The system receives signals from three different transmitters and performs a two-out-of-three vote on their measurements. This vote can be a choice of the mean (Figure 3-76), in which case the signals are compared two by two, the smaller value is selected, and the output of these three comparisons is compared again, selecting the larger value this time. Another possible voting method is to average the signals two by two and then select either the larger or the average (Figure 3-77). In this case, the two-out-of-two average will only be valid for comparison when there is no excessive deviation between the transmitters. In both cases, deviation alarms must be triggered to meet the variable monitoring requirement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The signal from the transmitters is sent as a process variable to the variable gain controller, whose output is corrected for the two required factors. In the first case, when an MFT boiler trip occurs, the furnace cools and a negative pressure develops. To minimize its effects, a ramp will be implemented from the current airflow to zero, which will correct the controller&#039;s output in the direction necessary to reduce the draft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The second correction must be made when the error exceeds certain limits. This correction can be made either by adjusting the position, as shown, or by limiting the opening or closing of the control element. In this case, using a function generator and based on the error, the system generates a corrective signal that acts in the opposite direction to the error.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"367\" height=\"506\" src=\"http:\/\/instrumentacionycontrol.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Figura-3-75.-Control-de-tiro-incluyendo-proteccion-contra-implosiones.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1586\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Figure 3-75. Shot control including implosion protection<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Interlocks<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition to the interlocks inherent to the fan start-up sequence in relation to its dampers, when the furnace control is switched to manual, the air, oxygen, and fuel flow controls must also be switched to manual.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"389\" height=\"313\" src=\"http:\/\/instrumentacionycontrol.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Figura-3-76.-Seleccion-del-transmisor-del-medio.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1587\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Figure 3-76. Selection of the medium transmitter<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"401\" height=\"404\" src=\"http:\/\/instrumentacionycontrol.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Figura-3-77.-Votacion-dos-de-tres-en-transmisores.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1589\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Figure 3-77. Two out of three voting in transmitters<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Help us grow <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Finally, if you are determined to learn Industrial Automation and advance your professional career, you may be interested in our Premium courses:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2013 Click to see all our courses at <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/myautomationclass.com\/?utm_source=iycnet&amp;utm_medium=post&amp;utm_campaign=footer_link_post\" target=\"_blank\">MyAutomationClass.com <\/a><br>- Course: <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/myautomationclass.com\/p\/aprende-plcs-desde-cero-con-rslogix500-basico-avanzado?utm_source=iycnet&amp;utm_medium=post&amp;utm_campaign=footer_link_post\" target=\"_blank\">\u00ab&quot;Become a PLC expert in 60 days, from basic to pro&quot;\u00bb <\/a><br>- Course: <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/myautomationclass.com\/p\/aprende-controladores-pid-de-manera-practica?utm_source=iycnet&amp;utm_medium=post&amp;utm_campaign=footer_link_post\" target=\"_blank\">\u00ab&quot;PID Controllers Master Class \u2013 100% practical&quot;\u00bb <\/a><br>- Course:<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/myautomationclass.com\/p\/desarrollo-de-proyectos-scadahmi-con-wonderware-intouch?utm_source=iycnet&amp;utm_medium=post&amp;utm_campaign=footer_link_post\" target=\"_blank\"> \u00ab&quot;How to create SCADA\/HMI projects from scratch with InTouch&quot;\u00bb <\/a><br>- Course:<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/myautomationclass.com\/p\/pid-tuning-ultimate-sintonizacion?utm_source=iycnet&amp;utm_medium=post&amp;utm_campaign=footer_link_post\" target=\"_blank\"> \u00ab&quot;PID Tuning Ultimate: The Definitive Course for Tuning&quot;\u00bb <\/a><br>- Course:<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/myautomationclass.com\/p\/modelamiento-practico-de-procesos-10-pasos-impresindibles-para-ser-un-experto?utm_source=iycnet&amp;utm_medium=post&amp;utm_campaign=footer_link_post\" target=\"_blank\"> \u00ab&quot;Practical Process Modeling: Definitive Steps to Becoming an Expert&quot;\u00bb <\/a><br>- Program:<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/myautomationclass.com\/p\/the-ultimate-process-control-training-se-un-maestro-control-pid?utm_source=iycnet&amp;utm_medium=post&amp;utm_campaign=footer_link_post\" target=\"_blank\"> \u00ab&quot;The Ultimate Process Control Formula&quot; (All-inclusive: PID Control, Tuning, and Modeling)<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">- Course: <a href=\"https:\/\/myautomationclass.com\/p\/aprende-instrumentacion-industrial-facil\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">How to Learn Industrial Instrumentation, Easily (Complete)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you have any questions, contact us via <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/m.me\/instrumentacionycontrol.net\" target=\"_blank\">Facebook Messenger<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Until next time. COMMENT AND SHARE! I&#039;ll be happy to answer your questions.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Objetivo El objetivo de este lazo es mantener la presi\u00f3n del hogar dentro de una estrecha banda en&nbsp;torno al punto de consigna para asegurar una combusti\u00f3n satisfactoria as\u00ed como una operaci\u00f3n&nbsp;segura. Filosof\u00eda del control En las calderas con ventiladores de tiro forzado e inducido, se ha de mantener un tiro&nbsp;equilibrado de forma que la presi\u00f3n [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9822,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[64],"tags":[597,137,21496],"class_list":["post-1573","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-control-de-calderas","tag-caldera","tag-control","tag-tiro","post-wrapper","thrv_wrapper"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Cap 3.7 Control del tiro en una caldera<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"metodos para el Control del tiro El objetivo de este lazo es mantener la presi\u00f3n del hogar dentro de una estrecha banda en 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