We continue with our analysis of a P&ID (or DTI) diagram, which we left unfinished in Part 1. If you haven't seen or studied it, I suggest you do so.

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If you are in the world of Industrial Instrumentation, Automation, Electricity and related areas, knowing how to correctly interpret all the diagrams and Engineering documentation of projects is VITAL.

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One of the biggest questions I've always seen among automation technicians and professionals is whether to use RTDs or thermocouples. Both are widely used, almost as mandatory components.

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Every electrical circuit has noise to a greater or lesser degree. This becomes undesirable when the signal-to-noise ratio becomes low enough to negatively affect the circuit's operation.

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Digital transmitters digitize the measured analog signal and use a microprocessor. The analog signal entering the transmitter is digitized with an ADC. Due to the time required to quantize

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A primary consideration in this field is that data transmission lines are inexpensive and reliable. This reflects not only the type of cable used but also

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TRANSMISSION MODES When a signal is sent from one device to another, it must first pass through an interface to the transmission medium. There are two basic ways to

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Currently, there is a growing trend towards the development of instrumentation and control equipment that communicates via digital signals, replacing analog ones. It is therefore important to understand

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In addition to the control valves described above, we will refer to some other devices that, commanded by the controller, serve to finally regulate a process according to the desired values.

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In this article, we'll see quickly and easily how to size a control valve to fit our needs and budget. Let's assume we have

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